This means that the period of disability in old age is being compressed to the end of the life span. The scientific term for this phenomenon in which an increasing percentage of older adults have experienced an increase in the active life span is “compression of morbidity”. But for decades the health status of older adults has improved just as the number of seniors living alone has increased fivefold. ![]() Obviously, declining health and loss of independence can be the cause rather than the effect of loneliness and isolation. Social isolation results in a lack of opportunities for social engagement and mental stimulation, activities that are thought to keep the brain in good condition and reduce the risk of dementia. Loneliness is also associated with frailty, a condition of old age when independence is minimized and vulnerability approaches its maximum. The result is a chronic counterproductive inflammatory state which damages the heart, reduces one’s capacity to resist infection and promotes loss of bone and muscle. Loneliness is also associated with problematic changes in the cardiovascular, hormonal and immune systems. It can become a vicious, unrelenting cycle. Loneliness can also lead to a self-defeating sense of hopelessness and helplessness that can perpetuate isolation. On the emotional side the perception that social support is inadequate is associated with depression, which, if severe and untreated, is associated with increasing disability, loss of weight, disturbed sleep and thoughts of suicide or actual suicide. But when living alone leads to social isolation there are health consequences. Not all people who live alone will describe themselves as lonely. The simple reality from birth to old age is that we need one another to regulate not only our emotions but our bodies as well. The danger of loneliness is especially acute in later life when social resources decline and illness accumulates, which can have an impact on independence. Studies, including one published in March by Brigham Young University researchers, suggest that loneliness, isolation and living alone can be as threatening to health as cigarettes, excess alcohol and obesity. But loneliness that becomes persistent causes accelerated aging with multiple health consequences, including conditions that lead to death. Quoties de Panthea Xenophontis locum perlego, ita animo affectus ac si coram intuerer.īy the very fact that we conceive a thing, which is like ourselves, and which we have not regarded with any emotion, to be affected with any emotion, we are ourselves affected with a like emotion ( affectus).Loneliness is a common emotion when someone feels alone, separated from others or unsupported and distressed. “Athenis affectus movere etiam per praeconem prohibatur orator” “Apol.” Quanquam natura, et arte eram formosissima, isto tamen astu tanto speciosior videbar, quod enim oculis cupitum aegre praebetur, multo magis affectus humanos incendit.Ĭontra omnes melancholicos affectus confert, ac certum est ipsius usu omnes cordis et corporis vires mirum in modum refici. Non est amor desiderium aut appetitus ut ab omnibus hactenus traditim nam cum potimur amata re, non manet appetitus est igitur affectus quo cum re amata aut unimur, aut unionem perpetuamus. ![]() Nam spiritus cerebri si tum male afficiantur, tales procreant, et quales fuerint affectus, tales filiorum: ex tristibus tristes, ex jucundis jucundi nascuntur, &c. 3 Though not commonly used, the astronomical connotations persist for example, the various meanings of aspect include "the relative positions of the heavenly bodies as they appear to an observer on the Earth's surface at a given time." ![]() In medieval prayer, aspectus represented a concentrated state of "inner seeing" that drew on the sensuousness of physical ornament for its emotional focus ( affectus). ![]() Also 303n83: "Recall that memory is always described as a type of affectus and inner aspectus." backĪrchitecture and Memory: The Renaissance Studioli of Federico da Montefeltro 2008
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